As lawmakers continue to explore policies to help the nation recover from the economic damage caused by the pandemic, a key part of the discussion is how stimulus checks should be structured and targeted for maximum effectiveness. Looking at recent spending and saving trends offers some clues.

In late December, the federal government enacted a second round of Economic Impact Payments in Division N of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. Also known as stimulus checks, such payments totaled $600 per person ($1,200 for married couples) plus another $600 per qualified child. As of January 29, about $135 billion of those payments had been sent out — reflecting about 80 percent of the estimated total cost of $164 billion.

That second round of payments successfully boosted consumer spending among lower-income households but had little impact on consumer spending for higher-income groups, according to a recent analysis by Opportunity Insights. That research suggests that households earning less than $46,000 a year will spend $126 of each payment received within the first month that they receive it — contributing to an increase in consumer spending among that income group of nearly 8 percentage points. Higher-income households earning more than $78,000 annually, however, will only spend $45 of each payment over that same time period, contributing to a 0.2 percentage point increase in consumer spending among that group.