What is a Continuing Resolution?

The day-to-day operations of most federal agencies are funded on an annual basis by appropriations. When those appropriation bills are not enacted by the start of the fiscal year on October 1, Congress uses a continuing resolution, or “CR,” as a temporary measure to fund government activities for a limited amount of time. Continuing resolutions are temporary “stopgaps,” often employed to avoid a partial government shutdown and to give lawmakers more time to enact appropriations for the full year. However, programs deemed as essential services, such as those related to public safety, often continue to operate even in the absence of a CR.

What is the current funding situation for fiscal year 2023?

Fiscal year 2023 began on October 1 and none of the 12 appropriation bills for the year were enacted yet. As a result, a continuing resolution was enacted on September 30 to avoid a government shutdown and provide temporary funding for government operations (plus some supplemental funding for other purposes) through December 16. Because legislators still had not reached an agreement, a second CR was used to extend temporary funding through December 23. While Congress had agreed on funding levels by that deadline, a third CR was enacted on December 23 to allow more time for full enactment of such funding. Funding for fiscal year 2023 was fully enacted on December 29.

Why are continuing resolutions an important part of the budget process?

While temporary funding measures often avoid shutdowns, they also reflect the failure of lawmakers to reach agreement on some or all appropriation bills for a full fiscal year. Funding the government for a full year is preferable to using a CR because it allows government agencies to plan appropriately and match their resources with their responsibilities. Predictability benefits the economy by providing certainty about government activities.

The majority of federal spending is governed by permanent law and generally not constrained by the appropriation process. However, over the past 10 years, appropriations have accounted for about one-third of total spending, on average, and support programs that touch nearly every aspect of our daily lives as well as various facets of the economy — including national defense, operating national parks, law and immigration enforcement, healthcare research, and a host of other activities. All of those activities are funded through the 12 regular appropriation bills that are supposed to be enacted into law each year by the Congress and President. Under regular budget order, lawmakers would enact all of those full-year appropriation bills before October 1.

How often are continuing resolutions used?

Missing the October 1 deadline to enact all 12 appropriation bills is not unusual; in fact, that deadline has not been fully met since fiscal year 1997. Instead, lawmakers have come to rely heavily on CRs — temporary, imperfect solutions that avoid the difficult but necessary work of allocating funding. Lawmakers often enact multiple CRs in a single fiscal year before deciding on full-year funding levels. For fiscal years 1998 through 2023, 131 CRs have been enacted.

Without annual funding provided through the appropriation process, a government shutdown would occur and such a shutdown could have significant fiscal and economic effects. Such effects include the disruption of government services and programs, creation of uncertainty about future fiscal policy, and the imposition of unnecessary costs on the economy.

Lawmakers’ dependence on CRs to fund the government on a short-term basis undermines the budget process and introduces uncertainty to government agencies. By enacting full-year funding bills on time, lawmakers can focus their attention on other important legislative duties and government agencies can operate more efficiently.

Related: Four Reasons Why a Government Shutdown Is Harmful

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